Lithium-ion technology has become the gold standard for lithium ion battery for energy storage due to its superior energy density, longevity, and efficiency. These systems function through sophisticated electrochemical processes managed by intelligent control systems. For transportation, the grid, and applications such as sensors, industry seeks lower-cost, higher-performance batteries with greater reliability and safety than those available in today's market. To address this need, PNNL plays a key role in developing new materials and processes that are. Rechargeable lithium batteries are electrochemical devices widely used in portable electronics and electric-powered vehicles.