Instead, they store electricity that has already been created from an electricity generator or the electric power grid, which makes energy storage systems secondary sources of electricity. Among these services are balancing supply and demand, moving electricity from periods of low prices to periods of high prices (a strategy known as arbitrage), and. Introduction: This study addresses the use of secondary batteries for energy storage, which is essential for a sustainable energy matrix. However, despite its importance, there are still important gaps in the scientific literature. The effectiveness of their disposal is directly related to the depth of. Batteries are a key ingredient in reaching net-zero climate goals, needed to store energy from renewable sources for use when it is needed most.