This often stems from battery cell inconsistency, a fundamental challenge where individual cells within a pack exhibit variations in key parameters like capacity, voltage, internal resistance, and self-discharge rate. Inconsistencies in lithium-ion battery packs pose significant challenges for both electric vehicles and energy storage systems, causing diminished energy utilization and accelerated battery aging. This paper proposes a novel joint inconsistency and SOH estimation method under cycling, which fills the gap of joint estimation based on the fast-charging. For industrial users and wholesalers relying on lithium battery packs for critical applications, performance predictability and long service life are non-negotiable. A single weak link—a underperforming cell—can compromise an entire system. Loss of Usable Capacity In an energy.