In a dynamic energy ecosystem, where demand variability and renewable energy integration are becoming prevalent, user-side storage systems play a pivotal role in bridging the gap between supply and consumption. In essence, user-side energy storage refers to electrochemical energy storage systems used by industrial and commercial customers. These systems can be likened to large-scale power banks that charge when electricity prices are low and discharge when prices are high, thereby reducing overall. User-side energy storage refers to systems that allow consumers to store energy for their own use, providing benefits such as enhanced reliability, cost savings, and increased energy independence. Especially, facing the inherent. Imagine a manufacturing plant that stores midday solar excess to power night shifts, or a hospital that seamlessly switches to battery backup during blackouts. At first, the revenue model and cost model ugh battery charging and.