Electrochemical energy storage systems are composed of energy storage batteries and battery management systems (BMSs) [2, 3, 4], energy management systems (EMSs) [5, 6, 7], thermal management systems , power conversion systems, electrical components . Electrochemical energy storage systems are composed of energy storage batteries and battery management systems (BMSs) [2, 3, 4], energy management systems (EMSs) [5, 6, 7], thermal management systems , power conversion systems, electrical components . NLR is researching advanced electrochemical energy storage systems, including redox flow batteries and solid-state batteries. Electrochemical energy storage systems face evolving requirements. Electric vehicle applications require batteries with high energy density and fast-charging capabilities. From grid stabilization and renewable integration to commercial energy cost optimization, storage now plays a decisive role across. Electrochemical energy storage (EcES), which includes all types of energy storage in batteries, is the most widespread energy storage system due to its ability to adapt to different capacities and sizes. An EcES system operates primarily on three major processes: first, an ionization process is.