Sodium-sulfur (NaS) batteries operate at elevated temperatures and have been deployed for grid-scale storage for decades. This article reviews NaS technology benchmarks, safety considerations, and economics, and positions NaS relative to lithium-ion and other LDES options. NaS batteries use molten. Line-Interactive UPS systems provide both battery backup and automatic voltage regulation of AC power (boost/cut) to give a greater amount of power protection than a Stand-By UPS. Sulfur is also highly available, providing a pairing that avoids the supply chain. In IT infrastructure, immersion cooling is used to manage high thermal loads from CPUs and GPUs. The approach typically involves either single-phase or two-phase systems. In single-phase immersion cooling, hardware is submerged in a non-conductive liquid that absorbs heat and is then circulated. Sodium is the sixth most abundant element on Earth, it is widely distributed globally, and it is already processed on large scale as an industrial material, making it an attractive constituent for cost-effective, large-scale energy storage.
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