Smart Energy Storage System Design

In addition, a comprehensive and integrated approach for optimizing the design and management of the biomass supply chain was proposed (De Meyer, Cattrysse, Rasinmäki, & Van Orshoven, 2014). 4.2. Multiple-system integration A smart energy system usually combines multiple subsystems, including electricity grids, thermal energy grids and gas grids.

Lund et al. reviewed the energy storage of smart energy systems and found that it is a cheaper and more effective solution to integrate more fluctuating renewable energy such as wind energy and solar energy by using thermal energy and fuel storage technology than by relying on electric energy storage (Østergaard et al., 2016). 2.2.4.

Battery-based storage systems are commonly employed to address the intermittent nature and fluctuations of renewable energy sources like wind and solar power. Additionally, mechanical storage methods are gaining prominence as they contribute to the widespread adoption of clean energy and ensure uninterrupted energy supply.

Energy distribution and storage systems have an important role in connecting energy generation systems and end users and maintaining the energy balance between the supply side and the demand-side. The energy distribution system is responsible for transferring the energy produced by an energy generation system to the end users.

Smart buildings represent the latest step in building energy development. They have an active role in the scale of cluster/energy infrastructure and become energy prosumers. In this framework, the concept of an "energy flexible building" has attracted the attention of scholars.

The main function of an energy storage system is to store excess energy when generation exceeds demand and release stored energy when generation is less than demand, which can substantially increase the flexibility of the entire system and facilitate a greater penetration of renewables.