Actual discharge depth of energy storage power station

In order to accurately calculate power storage costs per kWh, the entire storage system, i.e. the battery and battery inverter, is taken into account. The key parameters here are the discharge depth, system efficiency [%] and energy content [rated capacity in kWh]. ??? EUR/kWh Charge time: ??? Hours

Deep discharge depth increases BESS energy consumption, which can ensure immediate revenue, but accelerates battery aging and increases battery aging costs. The proposed BESS management system considers time-of-use tariffs, supply deviations, and demand variability to minimize the total cost while preventing battery aging.

Verified the battery lifetime extending and reducing the operating costs. Proved the optimal state of charge range of the battery energy storage system. Consider demand from the grid and supply uncertainty from renewable resources. Proposing the battery energy storage system management method using deep reinforcement learning.

In additions, deep discharging can cause internal stress on the battery, which can lead to other issues such as reduced charging capacity and decreased overall performance. The capacity degradation of a battery is accelerated by repeated deep discharges and recharges at high SOC .

The DOD is calculated as follows: (7)Dk=max(SOCt)−min(SOCt)where Dkdenotes the DOD at the kth cycle and tis the time stamp. 2.3.2. Operating range of BESS The impact of aging varies depending on the SOC ranges where the battery operation is concentrated, which can be evaluated using a partial cycling (PC) .

Therefore, as suggested in this paper, deep discharge should be avoided by utilizing BESS scheduling that considers the DOD. Fig. 2(a) illustrates the relationship between the DOD and the cycle life; the wider the DOD range, the shorter the battery's life cycle.